6ES7288-1ST60-0AA0 模块在亿佳
寄存器
寄存器部件,包括寄存器、寄存器和控制寄存器。 通用寄存器又可分定点数和浮点数两类,它们用来保存指令执行过程中临时存放的寄存器操作数和中间(或终)的操作结果。 通用寄存器是中央处理器的重要部件之一。
控制器
英文Control unit;控制部件,主要是负责对指令译码,并且发出为完成每条指令所要执行的各个操作的控制信号。
其结构有两种:一种是以微存储为核心的微程序控制方式;一种是以逻辑硬布线结构为主的控制方式。
微存储中保持微码,每一个微码对应于一个基本的微操作,又称微指令;各条指令是由不同序列的微码组成,这种微码序列构成微程序。中央处理器在对指令译码以后,即发出时序的控制信号,按给定序列的顺序以微周期为节拍执行由这些微码确定的若干个微操作,即可完成某条指令的执行。
简单指令是由(3~5)个微操作组成,复杂指令则要由几十个微操作甚至几百个微操作组成。
中央处理机执行系统需要的算术和逻辑操作并对系统总线实施统一的管理。
1.两种程序状态
中央处理机在两种不同的状态下工作。这两种状态是核心态和用户态。只有核心态程序对系统有完全的控制权。用户态不允许执行某些指令,不允许直接与系统中的外围设备打交道*。这样的硬件特性适用于多道程序环境下实施完善的保护。
2.通用寄存器
中央处理机使用6个通用寄存器,两个堆栈指示器和一个程序计数器。R7用作机器的程序计数器(PC),存放下一条要执行的指令地址。此外它可以用于编址,但不能作为累加器使用。R6通常作为“处理机堆栈指示器”,保存近进人堆栈的数据地址。在186计算机中有两个处理机堆栈指示器:“核心态堆栈指示器”和“用户态堆栈指示器”。它们由相应程序状态的程序使用。当发生外中断或内中断时,处理机原来的状态保留在由服务程序的程序态所规定的处理机堆栈中。其余的6个寄存器是真正的通用寄存器。
3.处理机状态字(pSW)777776
处理机状态字寄存器存放处理机的现时状态。它包括:现时处理机优先级,现行程序态和原先程序态,表征近一条指令结果特征的条件码,一个程序调整的跟踪位。
现行程序态(14、15位)是指正在利用处理机运行的程序是核心态或用户态。原先态(12、13位)是指近一次外中断或内中断之前的程序态是核心态或用户态。
两种程序态为多道程序系统提供了保护环境,因为它为用户提供了两个处理机堆栈和两组存管寄存器。除了核心态程序之外,其它态的程序禁止执行“停机”指令。非核心态程序企图执行“停机”指令,使处理机发生“非法停机”内中断,内中断向量地址4。此外,非核心态的“复位”或“置优先级”指令,不被执行,作为“空操作”指令对待。只有核心态程序可以执行所有的指令。它可以把用户程序分配到存贮空间的任何位置,从而直接地保护关键区域(包括设备寄存器和处理机状态字)在用户操作环境下不被破坏。
在处理机状态字的5~7位,保存着现在在处理机中运行的程序的优先级,它起着外中断请求屏蔽的作用。三位代码表示了处理机8个可能的优先级。当处理机的优先级是7时,所有的外中断请求都不能被响应。处理机只响应比其优先级高的外中断请求。处理机优先级可通过执行“置优先级”指令动态地改变。这条指令允许核心态程序,在不改变处理机状态字其余部分的情况下,改变处理机的优先级。
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